Additional application programming interfaces (APIs) arrived for a variety of tasks, such as Microsoft's WinG graphics library for Windows 3.x, and their later DirectDraw interface for hardware acceleration of 2D games in Windows 95 and later. As manufacturing capabilities improved, so did the level of integration of graphics chips. Throughout the 1990s, 2D GUI acceleration evolved. Fixed-function Windows accelerators surpassed expensive general-purpose graphics coprocessors in Windows performance, and such coprocessors faded away from the PC market. The 86C911 spawned a host of imitators: by 1995, all major PC graphics chip makers had added 2D acceleration support to their chips. In 1991, S3 Graphics introduced the S3 86C911, which its designers named after the Porsche 911 as an indication of the performance increase it promised. During 1990–92, this chip became the basis of the Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture ("TIGA") Windows accelerator cards.
It could run general-purpose code, but it had a graphics-oriented instruction set.
In 1986, Texas Instruments released the TMS34010, the first fully programmable graphics processor.
for per-scanline palette switches, sprite multiplexing, and hardware windowing), or driving the blitter. It also included a coprocessor with its own simple instruction set, that was capable of manipulating graphics hardware registers in sync with the video beam (e.g. In 1985, the Amiga was released with a custom graphics chip including a blitter for bitmap manipulation, line drawing, and area fill. It was used in a number of graphics cards and terminals during the late 1980s. The ARTC could display up to 4K resolution when in monochrome mode. In 1984, Hitachi released ARTC HD63484, the first major CMOS graphics processor for PC. The Williams Electronics arcade games Robotron 2084, Joust, Sinistar, and Bubbles, all released in 1982, contain custom blitter chips for operating on 16-color bitmaps. It was used in a number of graphics cards and was licensed for clones such as the Intel 82720, the first of Intel's graphics processing units. It was the first fully integrated VLSI (very large-scale integration) metal–oxide–semiconductor ( NMOS) graphics display processor for PCs, supported up to 1024×1024 resolution, and laid the foundations for the emerging PC graphics market. It became the best-known GPU until the mid-1980s. This enabled the design of low-cost, high-performance video graphics cards such as those from Number Nine Visual Technology. The NEC µPD7220 was the first implementation of a personal computer graphics display processor as a single large-scale integration (LSI) integrated circuit chip.
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